The careful evaluation of the rubber mixture showed notable enhancements through the inclusion of PPG, modified starch, and zinc oxide. Initially, challenges concerning fabrication & performance were resolved by adjusting the component concentration. Notably, polyol served as a plasticizer, enhancing cold-weather performance plus reducing formulati

A thorough assessment of the rubber formulation showed notable benefits through the addition of PPG, hydroxypropyl starch, and zinc oxide. Initially, difficulties related to processing and mechanical behavior were resolved by fine-tuning individual additive concentration. Specifically, polypropylene glycol acted as a plasticizer, improving cold-wea